Other articles where process metallurgy is discussed: metallurgy: Extractive metallurgy: Following separation and concentration by mineral processing, metallic minerals are subjected to extractive metallurgy, in which their metallic elements are extracted from chemical compound form and refined of impurities.
Bronze, alloy traditionally composed of copper and tin. Modern bronze is typically 88 percent copper and about 12 percent tin. Bronze is of exceptional historical interest and still finds wide applications. The earliest bronze artifacts were made about 4500 bce, though use of bronze in artifacts
The chemical element tin has been mined for more than 3,000 years. In ancient times people learned how to combine it with copper to make bronze. They used bronze to make many objects, and tin therefore …
Copper is separated from its ores by either a dry or a wet process. In the dry process (also called pyrometallurgical, from "pyro" for heat), the ore is first crushed to a fine powder called concentrate. Most of the crushed ore then passes through a desliming cone. Here worthless earthy material is dissolved in water and discarded.
Aluminum processing - Ores, Refining, Alloying: Aluminum is the third most abundant element on Earth's surface. Only oxygen and silicon are more common. Earth's crust to a depth of 16 km (10 miles) contains 8 percent aluminum. Aluminum has a strong tendency to combine with other common elements and so rarely occurs in nature in the metallic form.
In the offset process—by far the most popular method in use—the inked image is first printed on a rubber cylinder, which then offsets, or transfers, the image to paper or other materials. Because of the flexibility of the rubber cylinder, offset lithography can be used to print on tin, wood, cloth, leather, and rough or smooth paper.
Tungsten processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products. Tungsten exhibits a body-centred cubic (bcc) crystal lattice. It has the highest melting point of all metals, 3,410° C (6,170° F), and it has high conductivity for electricity. Owing to this unique combination of properties,
Mercury processing - Extraction, Refining, Recovery: The pyrometallurgical extraction of mercury from its ore is essentially a distillation process. When heat is applied to the sulfide ore in the presence of air, oxygen combines with the sulfur to form sulfur dioxide, and the metal is liberated at a temperature above its boiling point. The gases are then passed …
Gold processing - Refining, Smelting, Purifying: Gold extracted by amalgamation or cyanidation contains a variety of impurities, including zinc, copper, silver, and iron. Two methods are commonly employed for purification: the Miller process and the Wohlwill process. The Miller process is based on the fact that virtually all the impurities present …
Aluminum processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products. In addition to its low density, many of the applications of aluminum and its alloys are based on its high electrical and thermal conductivity, high reflectivity, and resistance to corrosion. Learn more about aluminum processing.
Tin processing description from tin geology mineral property to how to extract tin from rock and placer deposit, related tin processing plant flow chart and …
Silver processing - Refining, Alloying, Uses: Even silver that has been fully work-hardened, either by rolling or forging, gradually recrystallizes, even at room temperature. This greatly softens the metal, making it susceptible to scratching and marring. To maintain hardness, therefore, other metals are added to form alloys that are harder, stronger, and less …
Mineral processing - Concentration, Separation, Flotation: Concentration involves the separation of valuable minerals from the other raw materials received from the grinding mill. In large-scale operations this is accomplished by taking advantage of the different properties of the minerals to be separated. These properties can be colour (optical …
Tintype, positive photograph produced by applying a collodion-nitrocellulose solution to a thin, black-enameled metal plate immediately before exposure. The tintype, introduced in the mid-19th century, was …
Iron processing, use of a smelting process to turn the ore into a form from which products can be fashioned. Included in this article also is a discussion of the mining of iron and of its preparation for smelting. Iron (Fe) is a relatively dense metal with a silvery white appearance and distinctive
The metal tin is most widely used as a coating to protect steel. Steel cans for food storage are often plated with tin, because tin is resistant to corrosion. In many food…
Metalwork - Bronze, Brass, Casting: Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. In the period of classical antiquity it had a low tin content, generally containing less than 10 percent, because tin was less common and therefore difficult to obtain. Like bronze, brass is an alloy, this time of copper plus zinc. It is often very difficult to distinguish between bronze …
Aluminum processing - Extraction, Alloying, Fabrication: A ductile, silvery white metal usually with dull lustre owing to a surface film of aluminum oxide, aluminum is light, weighing approximately one-third as much as an equal volume of copper or steel. It is corrosion-resistant, is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity, reflects both light …
Tin is a constituent of alloys having low melting points, such as bronze, babbitt metal, type metal and solder metal. Tin alloys are used in collapsible tubes, though toothpaste is …
Titanium processing - Compounds, Alloys, Oxides: Titanium oxide is widely prized for its opaque quality in coatings, plastics, high-gloss paints, ceramics, industrial enamels, paper, and inks. The compound is nontoxic and is the most common white pigment in the world. Titanium carbide (TiC) is used extensively for cutting tools because of its combination of …
Nickel processing - Extraction, Refining, Alloying: The extraction of nickel from ore follows much the same route as copper, and indeed, in a number of cases, similar processes and equipment are used. The major differences in equipment are the use of higher-temperature refractories and the increased cooling required to accommodate the higher operating …
Copper processing - Refining, Alloying, Extraction: The major portion of the world's production of copper is utilized by electrical industries; most of the remainder is combined with other metals to form alloys. In variety of uses, the alloys of copper surpass all other nonferrous alloys and comprise mixtures of copper with zinc, tin, nickel, aluminum, lead, …
The Basics of Tin Mining and Processing. From toothpaste to window glass to wiring, tin remains an important material in our world. Past and present uses demonstrate the importance of the tin mining …
Word processing, operation in which a text-editing software program called a word processor is used to create a document on a computer. A word-processing system can produce a wide variety of documents, including letters, memoranda, and manuals, rapidly and at relatively low cost.
Tin Smelting 1 he influence of tin on ancient civilization cannot be overestimated. When alloyed with copper, tin forms bronze, a metal so important in the mak-ing of weapons …
Tin processing - Smelting, Alloying, Refining: The industrial uses of tin fall into two basic categories. On the one hand, there are major traditional uses, such as tinplate, coatings, …
Other articles where electrorefining is discussed: metallurgy: Extractive metallurgy: …from one electrode of an electrolytic cell and its deposition in a purer form onto the other electrode. Chemical refining involves either the condensation of metal from a vapour or the selective precipitation of metal from an aqueous solution.
Niobium processing - Alloying, Refining, Applications: Demands in the construction, transportation, and energy industries for stronger, tougher, more formable, and more weldable steel brought the development of the family of HSLA steels. As noted above, the addition of niobium to these steels gives rise to the improved properties while allowing a …
The process was invented in 1809 by Nicolas Appert (b. c. 1750—d. 1841) of France, who used glass bottles. In the 19th century tin-coated iron cans with soldered tops, bottoms, and seams were used, but in the early 20th century these were replaced by tin-plated steel containers with interlocking seams and polymer seals.
Niobium processing, preparation of niobium ore for use in various products.